主席令第六十六号 《中华人民共和国民法总则》已由中华人民共和国第十二届全国人民代表大会第五次会议于2017年3月15日通过，现予公布，自2017年10月1日起施行。 中华人民共和国主席 习近平 2017年3月15日 中华人民共和国民法总则 （2017年3月15日第十二届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过） | | General Rules of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China Presidential Order No. 66 The General Rules of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, adopted at the 5th Session of the 12th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on March 15, 2017, are hereby promulgated, effective on 1 October 2017. Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China March 15, 2017 (Adopted at the 5th Session of the 12th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on March 15, 2017) |
第一章 基本规定 | | Chapter I General Provisions |
第一条 为了保护民事主体的合法权益，调整民事关系，维护社会和经济秩序，适应中国特色社会主义发展要求，弘扬社会主义核心价值观，根据宪法，制定本法。 | | Article 1 These Rules are enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purpose of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of civil subjects, adjusting civil relations, maintaining social and economic orders, adapting to the requirements of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and carrying forward socialist core values. |
第二条 民法调整平等主体的自然人、法人和非法人组织之间的人身关系和财产关系。 | | Article 2 Civil laws adjust personal relationships and property relationships between natural persons, legal persons and non-incorporated organisations as subjects with equal status. |
第三条 民事主体的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。 | | Article 3 The personal rights, property rights and other legitimate rights and interests of civil subjects are protected by the law; no organisation or individual may infringe upon such rights and interests. |
第四条 民事主体在民事活动中的法律地位一律平等。 | | Article 4 All civil subjects have equal status in civil activities. |
第五条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循自愿原则，按照自己的意思设立、变更、终止民事法律关系。 | | Article 5 Civil subjects engaging in civil activities shall follow the principles of voluntariness in the establishment, change or termination of civil legal relations according to their own intentions. |
第六条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循公平原则，合理确定各方的权利和义务。 | | Article 6 Civil subjects engaging in civil activities shall follow the principles of fairness in determining reasonably the rights and obligations of all parties concerned. |
第七条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循诚信原则，秉持诚实，恪守承诺。 | | Article 7 Civil subjects engaging in civil activities shall follow the principles of good faith, adhere to honesty and keep their commitments. |
第八条 民事主体从事民事活动，不得违反法律，不得违背公序良俗。 | | Article 8 No civil subject engaging in civil activities may violate laws or go against the public order and good customs. |
第九条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当有利于节约资源、保护生态环境。 | | Article 9 Any civil activity conducted by civil subjects shall be conducive to saving resources and protecting the ecological environment. |
第十条 处理民事纠纷，应当依照法律；法律没有规定的，可以适用习惯，但是不得违背公序良俗。 | | Article 10 Any civil dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the law; in the absence of relevant provisions set forth in the law, usual practice may be followed, but the public order and good customs shall not be infringed upon. |
第十一条 其他法律对民事关系有特别规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 11 Where there are special provisions set forth in other laws governing civil relationships, such provisions shall prevail. |
第十二条 中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 12 All civil activities within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China, unless otherwise provided for in the law. |
第二章 自然人 | | Chapter II Natural Persons |
第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力 | | Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct |
第十三条 自然人从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。 | | Article 13 Commencing at the time of birth and ceasing at the time of death, a natural person has the capacity for civil rights, may enjoy civil rights and shall assume civil obligations in accordance with the law. |
第十四条 自然人的民事权利能力一律平等。 | | Article 14 All natural persons are equal in terms of their capacity for civil rights. |
第十五条 自然人的出生时间和死亡时间，以出生证明、死亡证明记载的时间为准；没有出生证明、死亡证明的，以户籍登记或者其他有效身份登记记载的时间为准。有其他证据足以推翻以上记载时间的，以该证据证明的时间为准。 | | Article 15 The date of birth/death of a natural person shall be based on that recorded on his/her birth/death certificate; in the absence of the birth/death certificate, the date recorded on the household registration or any other valid identity registration shall apply. If there is any other evidence sufficient to overturn the aforesaid date, the date supported by such evidence shall prevail. |
第十六条 涉及遗产继承、接受赠与等胎儿利益保护的，胎儿视为具有民事权利能力。但是胎儿娩出时为死体的，其民事权利能力自始不存在。 | | Article 16 Where a foetus is involved in inheritance, acceptance of gifts or any other protection of his/her interests, the foetus shall be deemed as having the capacity for civil rights. However, if the foetus is born dead, the capacity for civil rights shall be deemed as non-existent since the beginning. |
第十七条 十八周岁以上的自然人为成年人。不满十八周岁的自然人为未成年人。 | | Article 17 A natural person aged 18 or over is an adult. A natural person under the age of 18 is a minor. |
第十八条 成年人为完全民事行为能力人，可以独立实施民事法律行为。 十六周岁以上的未成年人，以自己的劳动收入为主要生活来源的，视为完全民事行为能力人。 | | Article 18 An adult has full capacity for civil conduct, and may perform civil juristic acts independently. A minor aged over 16 whose main source of income is his/her job shall be deemed as a person of full capacity for civil conduct. |
第十九条 八周岁以上的未成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认，但是可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力相适应的民事法律行为。 | | Article 19 A minor aged 8 or over is of limited capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented in the performance of civil juristic acts by his/her legal agent or shall obtain the consent or acknowledge by such agent. However, such minor may independently perform any civil juristic act that has a nature of pure profit or the performance of which is compatible with his/her age and intelligence. |
第二十条 不满八周岁的未成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定代理人代理实施民事法律行为。 | | Article 20 A minor under the age of 8 is of no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented by his/her legal agent in the performance of civil juristic acts. |
第二十一条 不能辨认自己行为的成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定代理人代理实施民事法律行为。 八周岁以上的未成年人不能辨认自己行为的，适用前款规定。 | | Article 21 An adult who is unable to account for his/her own conduct is a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented by his/her legal agent in the performance of legal juristic acts. A minor who has reached the age of 8 but is unable to account for his/her own conduct shall be subject to the provision set forth in the preceding paragraph. |
第二十二条 不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认，但是可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为。 | | Article 22 An adult who is unable to fully account for his/her own conduct is a person having limited capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented by his/her legal agent in the performance of civil juristic acts. However, such adult may independently perform a civil juristic act that has a nature of pure profit or the performance of which is compatible with his/her intelligence and mental health. |
第二十三条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人是其法定代理人。 | | Article 23 The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct is his/her legal agent. |
第二十四条 不能辨认或者不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人，其利害关系人或者有关组织，可以向人民法院申请认定该成年人为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人。 被人民法院认定为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的，经本人、利害关系人或者有关组织申请，人民法院可以根据其智力、精神健康恢复的状况，认定该成年人恢复为限制民事行为能力人或者完全民事行为能力人。 本条规定的有关组织包括：居民委员会、村民委员会、学校、医疗机构、妇女联合会、残疾人联合会、依法设立的老年人组织、民政部门等。 | | Article 24 For an adult who is unable to account for or fully account for his/her conduct, an interested person or an organisation concerned may apply to a people's court for determining that such adult is of no or limited capacity for civil conduct. For a perform who has been determined by a people's court to be of no or limited capacity for civil conduct, the people's court may, upon the application filed by the person him/herself, an interested person or an organization concerned, determine that the person is recovered to be one with limited or full capacity for civil conduct, depending on the recovery of such person's intelligence or mental health. The organisations concerned mentioned in this Article include: residents committees, villagers committees, schools, medical institutions, women's federations, federation of persons with disabilities, elderly organisations duly established and civil affairs authorities. |
第二十五条 自然人以户籍登记或者其他有效身份登记记载的居所为住所；经常居所与住所不一致的，经常居所视为住所。 | | Article 25 The domicile of a natural person shall be his/her residence recorded in the household register or in other valid identity register; if the habitual residence of a natural person is not the same as his/her domicile, such habitual residence shall be deemed as the domicile thereof. |
第二节 监 护 | | Section 2 Guardianship |
第二十六条 父母对未成年子女负有抚养、教育和保护的义务。 成年子女对父母负有赡养、扶助和保护的义务。 | | Article 26 Parents are obligated to foster, educate and protect their minor children. Adult offspring have the obligation to provide for, support and protect their parents. |
第二十七条 父母是未成年子女的监护人。 未成年人的父母已经死亡或者没有监护能力的，由下列有监护能力的人按顺序担任监护人： （一）祖父母、外祖父母； （二）兄、姐； （三）其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织，但是须经未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门同意。 | | Article 27 Parents are guardians of their minor children. If both parent of a minor are deceased or have no guardianship competence, the guardian shall be served by any of the following persons with guardianship competence in the sequence below: (1) Grandparents or maternal grandparents; (2) Older brothers or sisters; or (3) Any other individual or organisation that is willing to act as the guardian of the minor, subject to the consent of the residents committee, the villagers committee, or the civil affairs authority at the place of the minors' domicile. |
第二十八条 无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的成年人，由下列有监护能力的人按顺序担任监护人： （一）配偶； （二）父母、子女； （三）其他近亲属； （四）其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织，但是须经被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门同意。 | | Article 28 Any of the following persons with guardianship competence shall act as the guardian of an adult with no or limited capacity for civil conduct in the sequence below: (1) The adult's spouse; (2) The adult's parents or children; (3) The adult's close relatives; or (4) Any other individual or organisation that is willing to act as the guardian of the adult, subject to the consent of the residents committee, the villagers committee, or the civil affairs authority at the place of the domicile of the adult. |
第二十九条 被监护人的父母担任监护人的，可以通过遗嘱指定监护人。 | | Article 29 The parents of a ward may appoint a guardian through a will. |
第三十条 依法具有监护资格的人之间可以协议确定监护人。协议确定监护人应当尊重被监护人的真实意愿。 | | Article 30 Qualified persons of guardianship may agree to determine a guardian. In the case of a guardian determined by agreement, the true will of the ward shall be respected. |
第三十一条 对监护人的确定有争议的，由被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门指定监护人，有关当事人对指定不服的，可以向人民法院申请指定监护人；有关当事人也可以直接向人民法院申请指定监护人。 居民委员会、村民委员会、民政部门或者人民法院应当尊重被监护人的真实意愿，按照最有利于被监护人的原则在依法具有监护资格的人中指定监护人。 依照本条第一款规定指定监护人前，被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益处于无人保护状态的，由被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会、法律规定的有关组织或者民政部门担任临时监护人。 监护人被指定后，不得擅自变更；擅自变更的，不免除被指定的监护人的责任。 | | Article 31 If there are disputes on the determination of a guardian, the residents committee, the villagers committee, or the civil affairs authority at the place where the ward resides may appoint a guardian; if a party concerned disagrees with the appointed guardian, it may either apply to a people's court for appointing a guardian; such party may also directly apply to a people's court for appointing a guardian. The residents committee, the villagers committee, the civil affairs authority or the people's court shall respect the true will of the ward, and shall appoint a guardian within the scope of persons legally qualified for guardianship under the principle of "benefiting the ward to the greatest extent". If the personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests of the ward is under no protection prior to the appointment of a guardian in accordance with Clause 1 of this Article, the residents committee or the villagers committee at the place where the ward resides, the organisation concerned that is provided for in law or the civil affairs authority shall act as the guardian. The guardian, once appointed, shall not be changed without authorization; unauthorised change does not exempt the designated guardian from liability. |
第三十二条 没有依法具有监护资格的人的，监护人由民政部门担任，也可以由具备履行监护职责条件的被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会担任。 | | Article 32 Where there is no person legally qualified for guardianship, the civil affairs authority shall act as the guardian; or the residents committee or the villagers committee at the place where the ward resides that has the conditions of performing guardianship duties may act as the guardian. |
第三十三条 具有完全民事行为能力的成年人，可以与其近亲属、其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织事先协商，以书面形式确定自己的监护人。协商确定的监护人在该成年人丧失或者部分丧失民事行为能力时，履行监护职责。 | | Article 33 An adult with full capacity for civil conduct may, in prior consultation with his/her close relatives, or other individuals or organisations who are willing to act as his/her guardian, determine his/her guardian in writing. The agreed guardian shall perform the guardianship duties when such adult loses or partially loses his/her capacity for civil conduct. |
第三十四条 监护人的职责是代理被监护人实施民事法律行为，保护被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益等。 监护人依法履行监护职责产生的权利，受法律保护。 监护人不履行监护职责或者侵害被监护人合法权益的，应当承担法律责任。 | | Article 34 The guardian of a ward has the duties to perform civil legal acts on behalf of the ward and to protect the personal rights, property rights and other legitimate rights and interests of the ward. The guardian's rights arising from performing the duties of guardianship in accordance with the law are protected by law. Any guardian who fails to perform the duties of guardianship or infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of the ward shall be held liable. |
第三十五条 监护人应当按照最有利于被监护人的原则履行监护职责。监护人除为维护被监护人利益外，不得处分被监护人的财产。 未成年人的监护人履行监护职责，在作出与被监护人利益有关的决定时，应当根据被监护人的年龄和智力状况，尊重被监护人的真实意愿。 成年人的监护人履行监护职责，应当最大程度地尊重被监护人的真实意愿，保障并协助被监护人实施与其智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为。对被监护人有能力独立处理的事务，监护人不得干涉。 | | Article 35 A guardian shall perform the duties of guardianship under the principle of "benefiting the ward to the greatest extent". The guardian shall not dispose of the ward's properties, unless it is to protect the ward's interests. The guardian of a minor shall perform the duties of guardianship and shall, in making the decision relating to the ward's interests, respect the true will of the ward according to the ward's age and mental condition. The guardian of an adult that performs the duties of guardianship shall respect the true will of the ward to the greatest extent, protect and assist the ward in the performance of civil legal acts that are compatible with the ward's intelligence and mental health, and shall interfere with the affairs with which the ward is able to deal. |
第三十六条 监护人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根据有关个人或者组织的申请，撤销其监护人资格，安排必要的临时监护措施，并按照最有利于被监护人的原则依法指定监护人： （一）实施严重损害被监护人身心健康行为的； （二）怠于履行监护职责，或者无法履行监护职责并且拒绝将监护职责部分或者全部委托给他人，导致被监护人处于危困状态的； （三）实施严重侵害被监护人合法权益的其他行为的。 本条规定的有关个人和组织包括：其他依法具有监护资格的人，居民委员会、村民委员会、学校、医疗机构、妇女联合会、残疾人联合会、未成年人保护组织、依法设立的老年人组织、民政部门等。 前款规定的个人和民政部门以外的组织未及时向人民法院申请撤销监护人资格的，民政部门应当向人民法院申请。 | | Article 36 Under any of the following circumstances, the people's court may, upon the application of an individual or organisation concerned, disqualify a guardian, take necessary measures for temporary guardianship, and appoint another guardian under the principle of "benefiting the ward to the greatest extent". (1) Perform acts that seriously damage the physical or mental health of the ward; (2) Be indifferent in the performance of duties of guardianship, or unable to perform duties of guardianship, and refuse to delegate part or all of the guardianship duties to others, causing difficulties or danger for the ward; and (3) Perform other acts that seriously infringe upon the legitimate rights and interest of the ward. The individuals or organisations concerned mentioned in this Article include: other persons legally qualified for guardianship in accordance with the law, residents' committees, villagers' committees, schools, medical institutions, women's federations, associations of persons with disabilities, minors protection organisations, elderly organisations duly established and civil affairs authority etc. If individuals and organisations other than civil affairs authorities provided for in the preceding clause fail to apply in time to a people's court for disqualification of guardianship, the civil affairs authorities shall do so instead. |
第三十七条 依法负担被监护人抚养费、赡养费、扶养费的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤销监护人资格后，应当继续履行负担的义务。 | | Article 37 Where the parents, offspring or spouse of a ward who lawfully affords to support the ward is disqualified from guardianship, he/she shall continue to perform the duties of support. |
第三十八条 被监护人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤销监护人资格后，除对被监护人实施故意犯罪的外，确有悔改表现的，经其申请，人民法院可以在尊重被监护人真实意愿的前提下，视情况恢复其监护人资格，人民法院指定的监护人与被监护人的监护关系同时终止。 | | Article 38 Where the parents or offspring of a ward have true repentance after being disqualified from guardianship by a people's court, unless deliberate offence has been committed to the ward, a people's court may reinstate the guardianship qualification as appropriate under the conditions of respecting the true will of the ward; the guardianship relationship between the appointed guardian by the people's court and the ward shall be terminated simultaneously. |
第三十九条 有下列情形之一的，监护关系终止： （一）被监护人取得或者恢复完全民事行为能力； （二）监护人丧失监护能力； （三）被监护人或者监护人死亡； （四）人民法院认定监护关系终止的其他情形。 监护关系终止后，被监护人仍然需要监护的，应当依法另行确定监护人。 | | Article 39 Under any of the following circumstances, the guardianship relationship shall be terminated: (1) The ward obtain or reinstate full capacity for civil conduct; (2) The guardian has lost the guardianship competence; (3) Either the ward or the guardian is deceased; (4) Other circumstances determined by the people's court as termination of guardianship. After the termination of guardianship, another guardian shall be determined in accordance with the law if guardianship is still needed. |
第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡 | | Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death |
第四十条 自然人下落不明满二年的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告该自然人为失踪人。 | | Article 40 Where the whereabouts of a natural person have been unknown for two years, an interested person may apply to a people's court for declaring such person as a missing person. |
第四十一条 自然人下落不明的时间从其失去音讯之日起计算。战争期间下落不明的，下落不明的时间自战争结束之日或者有关机关确定的下落不明之日起计算。 | | Article 41 The time period during which the whereabouts of a natural person become unknown shall be calculated from day when the natural person is non-contactable. During a war, such time period shall be calculated from the day when the war ends or from the day on which the natural person's unknown whereabouts are confirmed by relevant authorities. |
第四十二条 失踪人的财产由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他愿意担任财产代管人的人代管。 代管有争议，没有前款规定的人，或者前款规定的人无代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。 | | Article 42 The property of a missing person shall be held in the custody of his/her spouse, adult offspring, parents or other persons who are willing to serve as custodian of the property. In the case of a dispute over custody, in the absence of the persons mentioned in the preceding paragraph, or if the persons mentioned in the preceding paragraph have no custodian competence, the property shall be held in the custody of the persons appointed by a people's court. |
第四十三条 财产代管人应当妥善管理失踪人的财产，维护其财产权益。 失踪人所欠税款、债务和应付的其他费用，由财产代管人从失踪人的财产中支付。 财产代管人因故意或者重大过失造成失踪人财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 | | Article 43 The custodian of property of a missing person shall properly manage the property and safeguard the property rights and interests of the missing person. Any tax, debt and other due charges owed by the missing person shall be paid by the custodian with the property of the missing person. If the custodian of property of a missing person causes losses to such property due to deliberate offence or gross negligence, the custodian shall be liable for compensation. |
第四十四条 财产代管人不履行代管职责、侵害失踪人财产权益或者丧失代管能力的，失踪人的利害关系人可以向人民法院申请变更财产代管人。 财产代管人有正当理由的，可以向人民法院申请变更财产代管人。 人民法院变更财产代管人的，变更后的财产代管人有权要求原财产代管人及时移交有关财产并报告财产代管情况。 | | Article 44 Where the custodian of property of a missing person does not perform the custodian duties, infringes upon the interests of the missing person, or loses custodian competence, the interested person of the missing person may apply to a people's court for the change of the custodian. If the property custodian has a justified reason, he may apply to a people's court for the change of property custodian. If the people's court changes the property custodian, the custodian after the change may require the former custodian to hand over relevant property in time and report the property custody situation. |
第四十五条 失踪人重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销失踪宣告。 失踪人重新出现，有权要求财产代管人及时移交有关财产并报告财产代管情况。 | | Article 45 In the event that a missing person reappears, the people's court shall revoke the declaration of disappearance upon the application of the person himself or an interested person. The missing person who has reappeared has the right to require the property custodian to hand over the property in time and to report the custody of the property. |
第四十六条 自然人有下列情形之一的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告该自然人死亡： （一）下落不明满四年； （二）因意外事件，下落不明满二年。 因意外事件下落不明，经有关机关证明该自然人不可能生存的，申请宣告死亡不受二年时间的限制。 | | Article 46 Where any of the following circumstances occurs to a natural person, an interested person may apply to a people's court to declare that the natural person is deceased: (1) The natural person's whereabouts have been unknown for four years; and (2) The natural person's whereabouts have been unknown for two years due to an accident in which he was involved. If a natural person's whereabouts become unknown due to an accident and it is impossible for such person to survive as proved by relevant authorities, the application for declaration of death is not subject to the aforesaid provisions of two years. |
第四十七条 对同一自然人，有的利害关系人申请宣告死亡，有的利害关系人申请宣告失踪，符合本法规定的宣告死亡条件的，人民法院应当宣告死亡。 | | Article 47 A people's court shall declare the death of a natural person, if some interested persons apply for the declaration of death of such natural person while other interested persons apply for the declaration of disappearance of the same natural person, provided that the requirements for declaring death provided for herein are satisfied. |
第四十八条 被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判决作出之日视为其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件发生之日视为其死亡的日期。 | | Article 48 For a person who is declared death, the date of death shall be based on the date of the judgment for the declaration of death made by the people's court. If the death is declared due to the person's unknown whereabouts caused by an accident, the date on which the accident occurs shall be deemed to be the date of death of the person. |
第四十九条 自然人被宣告死亡但是并未死亡的，不影响该自然人在被宣告死亡期间实施的民事法律行为的效力。 | | Article 49 The fact that a natural person has been declared dead but has not died shall not affect the validity of the civil juristic acts performed by the natural person during the period of such declared death. |
第五十条 被宣告死亡的人重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销死亡宣告。 | | Article 50 If a natural person who has been declared dead reappears, the people's court shall revoke the death declaration upon the application of the person or that of an interested person. |
第五十一条 被宣告死亡的人的婚姻关系，自死亡宣告之日起消灭。死亡宣告被撤销的，婚姻关系自撤销死亡宣告之日起自行恢复，但是其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登记机关书面声明不愿意恢复的除外。 | | Article 51 The marriage of the person who has been declared dead shall be extinguished since the date of the death. If the death declaration is revoked, the marriage is self-resumed on the date of the revocation, except that the spouse remarries or by written notice to the marriage registration authority of the reluctance to recover the marriage. |
第五十二条 被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期间，其子女被他人依法收养的，在死亡宣告被撤销后，不得以未经本人同意为由主张收养关系无效。 | | Article 52 For the person who has been declared dead, during the period of his declared death, if their children are adopted by others, and after the death declaration has been revoked, the adoption relationship shall not be invalidated on the ground that such adoption has not been consented by such person. |
第五十三条 被撤销死亡宣告的人有权请求依照继承法取得其财产的民事主体返还财产。无法返还的，应当给予适当补偿。 利害关系人隐瞒真实情况，致使他人被宣告死亡取得其财产的，除应当返还财产外，还应当对由此造成的损失承担赔偿责任。 | | Article 53 The person who has been revoked the death declaration has the right to request the return of property by the civil subject who acquired his property in accordance with the law of succession. If the property cannot be returned, appropriate compensation shall be given to such person. If the interested persons conceal the truth and cause the other person to be declared dead in order to obtain the property thereof, they shall return the property and shall be liable for the resulting loss. |
第四节 个体工商户和农村承包经营户 | | Section 4 Individual Businesses and Lease holding Farm Households |
第五十四条 自然人从事工商业经营，经依法登记，为个体工商户。个体工商户可以起字号。 | | Article 54 Natural persons who are engaged in industrial and commercial business, and have registered according to the law, are individual industrial and commercial households. Individual industrial and commercial households may have a trading name. |
第五十五条 农村集体经济组织的成员，依法取得农村土地承包经营权，从事家庭承包经营的，为农村承包经营户。 | | Article 55 Members of the rural collective economic organisations, who obtain the right of rural land contract management according to the law and engage in household contract management, are rural contract management households. |
第五十六条 个体工商户的债务，个人经营的，以个人财产承担；家庭经营的，以家庭财产承担；无法区分的，以家庭财产承担。 农村承包经营户的债务，以从事农村土地承包经营的农户财产承担；事实上由农户部分成员经营的，以该部分成员的财产承担。 | | Article 56 For the debt of the individual industrial and commercial households, if the individual operates the business, the debt shall be borne by the personal property; if the household operates the business, the debt shall be borne by the household property; if it is impossible to distinguish between personal property and household property, the debt shall be borne by the household property. The debt of rural contract management households shall be borne by the rural household that engage in the rural land contract management; if the business is in fact operated by part of the rural household, the debt shall be borne by the property of such part of the rural household. |
第三章 法 人 | | Chapter III Legal Persons |
第一节 一般规定 | | Section 1 General Stipulations |
第五十七条 法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。 | | Article 57 Legal persons are organisations who have the capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct, and can independently enjoy civil rights and bear civil liability according to the law. |
第五十八条 法人应当依法成立。 法人应当有自己的名称、组织机构、住所、财产或者经费。法人成立的具体条件和程序，依照法律、行政法规的规定。 设立法人，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。 | | Article 58 The legal persons shall be established according to law. The legal persons shall have their own name, organisations, domicile, property or funds. The specific conditions and procedures for the establishment of legal persons shall be in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. The establishment of legal persons shall be subject to approval of relevant authorities if laws and administrative regulations so require. |
第五十九条 法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力，从法人成立时产生，到法人终止时消灭。 | | Article 59 The capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct of a legal person shall start from the establishment of the legal person and terminate on the date of the termination of the legal person. |
第六十条 法人以其全部财产独立承担民事责任。 | | Article 60 A legal person shall independently assume civil liability by all its property. |
第六十一条 依照法律或者法人章程的规定，代表法人从事民事活动的负责人，为法人的法定代表人。 法定代表人以法人名义从事的民事活动，其法律后果由法人承受。 法人章程或者法人权力机构对法定代表人代表权的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。 | | Article 61 The legal representative of a legal person is the person who represents the legal person in civil activities, according to the provisions of the law or the Articles of Association of the legal person. When the legal representative of a legal person engage in civil activities under the name of the legal person, the legal consequences shall be borne by the legal person. The restriction on the authority of the legal representative by the Articles of Association of the legal person or the governing body of the legal person shall not confront the counterparties in good faith. |
第六十二条 法定代表人因执行职务造成他人损害的，由法人承担民事责任。 法人承担民事责任后，依照法律或者法人章程的规定，可以向有过错的法定代表人追偿。 | | Article 62 If the legal representative of a legal person causes harm due to performance of his duties, the legal person shall bear the civil liability. After the legal person has assumed civil liability, recovery may be sought from the faulty legal representative according to the provisions of the law or the Articles of Association of the legal person. |
第六十三条 法人以其主要办事机构所在地为住所。依法需要办理法人登记的，应当将主要办事机构所在地登记为住所。 | | Article 63 The domicile of a legal person is the place of the principal office. If it is necessary to carry out the registration of a legal person according to law, the principal office shall be registered as domicile of the legal person. |
第六十四条 法人存续期间登记事项发生变化的，应当依法向登记机关申请变更登记。 | | Article 64 If the registration items change during the existence of a legal person, application to the registration authority for change of registration shall be made according to law. |
第六十五条 法人的实际情况与登记的事项不一致的，不得对抗善意相对人。 | | Article 65 If the actual situation of a legal person is inconsistent with the registered items, it shall not confront the counterparty in good faith. |
第六十六条 登记机关应当依法及时公示法人登记的有关信息。 | | Article 66 The registration authorities shall promptly publicise the relevant information registered by a legal person according to law. |
第六十七条 法人合并的，其权利和义务由合并后的法人享有和承担。 法人分立的，其权利和义务由分立后的法人享有连带债权，承担连带债务，但是债权人和债务人另有约定的除外。 | | Article 67 Where legal persons merge, their rights and obligations are enjoyed and borne by the merged legal person. Where a legal person is divided, its rights and obligations shall be jointly and severally enjoyed and borne by the legal persons after division, unless otherwise agreed by the creditor and the debtor. |
第六十八条 有下列原因之一并依法完成清算、注销登记的，法人终止： （一）法人解散； （二）法人被宣告破产； （三）法律规定的其他原因。 法人终止，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。 | | Article 68 If a legal person has any of the following reasons, and has completed the liquidation and cancellation of registration in accordance with the law, the legal person shall terminate: (1) The legal person has dissolved; (2) The legal person is declared bankrupt; (3) Other reasons prescribed by law. Where the legal person ceases, the provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall be followed if the approval of the relevant authorities is necessary. |
第六十九条 有下列情形之一的，法人解散： （一）法人章程规定的存续期间届满或者法人章程规定的其他解散事由出现； （二）法人的权力机构决议解散； （三）因法人合并或者分立需要解散； （四）法人依法被吊销营业执照、登记证书，被责令关闭或者被撤销； （五）法律规定的其他情形。 | | Article 69 In any of the following circumstances, a legal person is dissolved: (1) The existence of the legal person provided by the Articles of Association of the legal person has expired, or other reasons for dissolution provided by the Articles of Association of the legal person have occurred; (2) The authority of the legal person has decided on the dissolution; (3) Due to the merger or separation of the legal person, dissolution is needed; (4) The business licence or registration certificate has been revoked, or the legal person has been ordered to be closed down or cancelled; (5) Other circumstances prescribed by law. |
第七十条 法人解散的，除合并或者分立的情形外，清算义务人应当及时组成清算组进行清算。 法人的董事、理事等执行机构或者决策机构的成员为清算义务人。法律、行政法规另有规定的，依照其规定。 清算义务人未及时履行清算义务，造成损害的，应当承担民事责任；主管机关或者利害关系人可以申请人民法院指定有关人员组成清算组进行清算。 | | Article 70 Where a legal person dissolves, the liquidation obligors shall, unless under the circumstances of merger or division, form a liquidation group in time to carry out liquidation. The liquidation obligors are the directors, administrators and other executive bodies or members of the decision-making bodies, unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations. Where the liquidation obligors fail to perform the liquidation obligations in a timely manner and cause damage, they shall bear civil liability; the competent authority or the interested party may apply to the People's Court for appointing the relevant personnel to form a liquidation group for the liquidation. |
第七十一条 法人的清算程序和清算组职权，依照有关法律的规定；没有规定的，参照适用公司法的有关规定。 | | Article 71 The liquidation procedures of a legal person and the powers of the liquidation group shall be in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws; if there is no provision, the relevant provisions of the applicable company law shall be applied. |
第七十二条 清算期间法人存续，但是不得从事与清算无关的活动。 法人清算后的剩余财产，根据法人章程的规定或者法人权力机构的决议处理。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 清算结束并完成法人注销登记时，法人终止；依法不需要办理法人登记的，清算结束时，法人终止。 | | Article 72 During the period of liquidation, the legal person shall survive, but shall not engage in activities that are not related to liquidation. The remaining property after the liquidation of the legal person shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the Articles of Association of the legal persons or the resolutions of the authorities of the legal persons, unless otherwise provided by law. When the liquidation is completed and the registration of the legal person is cancelled, the legal person shall terminate. If the legal person does not need to conduct registration, the legal person shall terminate the liquidation. |
第七十三条 法人被宣告破产的，依法进行破产清算并完成法人注销登记时，法人终止。 | | Article 73 Where a legal person is declared bankrupt, the bankruptcy liquidation shall be carried out in accordance with the law and the legal person shall cancel the registration before termination. |
第七十四条 法人可以依法设立分支机构。法律、行政法规规定分支机构应当登记的，依照其规定。 分支机构以自己的名义从事民事活动，产生的民事责任由法人承担；也可以先以该分支机构管理的财产承担，不足以承担的，由法人承担。 | | Article 74 A legal person may set up branches in accordance with the law. Such branches shall register if laws or administrative regulations so stipulate. A branch shall bear the civil liability if it is engaged in civil activities in its own name; it is also possible that the property managed by the branch bears the civil liability, and the legal person bears the remaining of it. |
第七十五条 设立人为设立法人从事的民事活动，其法律后果由法人承受；法人未成立的，其法律后果由设立人承受，设立人为二人以上的，享有连带债权，承担连带债务。 设立人为设立法人以自己的名义从事民事活动产生的民事责任，第三人有权选择请求法人或者设立人承担。 | | Article 75 If the founder of a legal person carries out civil activities for the legal person, the legal consequences shall be borne by the legal person; if the legal person is not established, the legal consequences shall be borne by the founder of the legal person; if there are more than one founders, they shall be jointly and severally liable. For the civil liability arising from civil activities conducted by the founder under his own name for the benefit of the legal person, third parties have the right to choose whether the legal person or the founder shall assume liability. |
第二节 营利法人 | | Section 2 For-profit Legal Persons |
第七十六条 以取得利润并分配给股东等出资人为目的成立的法人，为营利法人。 营利法人包括有限责任公司、股份有限公司和其他企业法人等。 | | Article 76 The legal persons established for the purpose of obtaining profit and distributing to shareholders and other investors are legal persons for profit. The legal persons for profit include limited liability companies, company limited by shares, and other corporate legal persons. |
第七十七条 营利法人经依法登记成立。 | | Article 77 A for-profit legal person is established by lawful registration. |
第七十八条 依法设立的营利法人，由登记机关发给营利法人营业执照。营业执照签发日期为营利法人的成立日期。 | | Article 78 The registration authorities shall issue a business licence to a for-profit legal person that has been lawfully established. The date of issue of the business license is the date of establishment of the for-profit legal person. |
第七十九条 设立营利法人应当依法制定法人章程。 | | Article 79 A for-profit legal person that is established by law shall lawfully develop its Articles of Association. |
第八十条 营利法人应当设权力机构。 权力机构行使修改法人章程，选举或者更换执行机构、监督机构成员，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。 | | Article 80 A for-profit legal person shall set up its governing body. The governing body shall perform the duties of amending the Articles of Association of the legal person, voting for or change the members of the executive body or supervising body, and other duties according to the Articles of Association of the legal person. |
第八十一条 营利法人应当设执行机构。 执行机构行使召集权力机构会议，决定法人的经营计划和投资方案，决定法人内部管理机构的设置，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。 执行机构为董事会或者执行董事的，董事长、执行董事或者经理按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人；未设董事会或者执行董事的，法人章程规定的主要负责人为其执行机构和法定代表人。 | | Article 81 A for-profit legal person shall establish its executive body. The executive body may exercise the power to convene meetings of the governing body of the legal person, determine the business plan and investment plan of the legal person, determine the setting of the internal management body of the legal person, and other powers prescribed by the Articles of Association of the legal person. If the executive body is the board of directors or the executive directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the executive directors or the managers shall be appointed as legal representative according to the Articles of Association of the legal person; if no board of directors or executive directors exist, the person chiefly in charge provided by the Articles of Association of the legal person shall be the executive body and legal representative. |
第八十二条 营利法人设监事会或者监事等监督机构的，监督机构依法行使检查法人财务，监督执行机构成员、高级管理人员执行法人职务的行为，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。 | | Article 82 If a for-profit legal person has established its board of supervisors, board of supervisors and other supervising bodies, the supervising bodies shall supervise the performance of the duties of the legal person by the members of the executive body, the senior executives, and other duties provided by the Articles of Association of the legal person. |
第八十三条 营利法人的出资人不得滥用出资人权利损害法人或者其他出资人的利益。滥用出资人权利给法人或者其他出资人造成损失的，应当依法承担民事责任。 营利法人的出资人不得滥用法人独立地位和出资人有限责任损害法人的债权人利益。滥用法人独立地位和出资人有限责任，逃避债务，严重损害法人的债权人利益的，应当对法人债务承担连带责任。 | | Article 83 The investors of a for-profit legal person shall not misuse the investors' rights to harm the interests of the legal person or other investors. Abuse of the investors' rights that have caused losses to the legal person or other investors shall be held liable for civil liabilities. The investors of a for-profit legal person shall not abuse the legal person's independent status and the investors' limited liability to damage the creditors' interests. Abuse of the independent status of the legal person and the limited liability of the investors to evade the debt which has seriously damaged the interests of the creditors of the legal person shall be held jointly and severally liable for the liabilities of the legal person. |
第八十四条 营利法人的控股出资人、实际控制人、董事、监事、高级管理人员不得利用其关联关系损害法人的利益。利用关联关系给法人造成损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 | | Article 84 The controlling shareholders, actual controllers, directors, supervisors, and senior management personnel of a for-profit legal person shall not harm the interests of the legal person by using the affiliated relationships thereof. Compensation liability shall be assumed if losses are caused to the legal person by using the affiliated relationships. |
第八十五条 营利法人的权力机构、执行机构作出决议的会议召集程序、表决方式违反法律、行政法规、法人章程，或者决议内容违反法人章程的，营利法人的出资人可以请求人民法院撤销该决议，但是营利法人依据该决议与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。 | | Article 85 If the meeting convening procedures and voting approaches of the resolution making by the governing body or the executive body of a legal person for profit has violated laws, administrative regulations, or the Articles of Association of the legal person, or the content of the resolution has violated the Articles of Association of the legal person, the investors of the legal person for profit may request a people's court to revoke that resolution; however, the civil legal relationship formed by such resolutions between the legal person and the counterparties in good faith shall not be affected. |
第八十六条 营利法人从事经营活动，应当遵守商业道德，维护交易安全，接受政府和社会的监督，承担社会责任。 | | Article 86 A for-profit legal person who engages in business activities shall abide by business ethics, maintain transaction security, accept government and social supervision, and assume social responsibility. |
第三节 非营利法人 | | Section 3 Non-profit Legal Persons |
第八十七条 为公益目的或者其他非营利目的成立，不向出资人、设立人或者会员分配所取得利润的法人，为非营利法人。 非营利法人包括事业单位、社会团体、基金会、社会服务机构等。 | | Article 87 Legal persons established for the purpose of public welfare or other non-profit purposes, which do not distribute earned profit to the investors, founders or members, are non-profit legal persons. The non-profit legal persons include institutions, social groups, foundations, and social service agencies. |
第八十八条 具备法人条件，为适应经济社会发展需要，提供公益服务设立的事业单位，经依法登记成立，取得事业单位法人资格；依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有事业单位法人资格。 | | Article 88 The institutions which satisfy the conditions of legal persons, and have been established according to the law in order to meet the needs of economic and social development and to provide public service, shall obtain the licence as legal persons of institutions; if the law does not require application for legal registration, such institutions shall obtain the licence as legal persons of institutions since the date of establishment. |
第八十九条 事业单位法人设理事会的，除法律另有规定外，理事会为其决策机构。事业单位法人的法定代表人依照法律、行政法规或者法人章程的规定产生。 | | Article 89 Where a corporation establishes a board of administration, such board of administration shall, unless otherwise provided by the law, be the decision-making body. The legal representatives of institutions shall be formed in accordance with the provisions of laws, administrative regulations or the Articles of Association of the legal persons. |
第九十条 具备法人条件，基于会员共同意愿，为公益目的或者会员共同利益等非营利目的设立的社会团体，经依法登记成立，取得社会团体法人资格；依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有社会团体法人资格。 | | Article 90 Social groups that satisfy the conditions of legal persons, which have been established by lawful registration for the purpose of public welfare or common interests of members and other non-profit purposes based on the common wishes of members shall obtain the licence as legal persons of social groups; if the law does not require application for legal registration, such social groups shall obtain the licence as legal persons of social groups since the date of establishment. |
第九十一条 设立社会团体法人应当依法制定法人章程。 社会团体法人应当设会员大会或者会员代表大会等权力机构。 社会团体法人应当设理事会等执行机构。理事长或者会长等负责人按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人。 | | Article 91 The established legal persons of social groups shall lawfully develop the Articles of Association of the legal persons. The legal persons of social groups shall establish the authorities such as the general meetings of members or the members' representative meetings. The legal persons of social groups shall establish the board of administrators or the executive bodies. The head of the board of administrators, the head of the executive bodies or other responsible persons shall be appointed as the legal representatives according to the Articles of Association of the legal persons. |
第九十二条 具备法人条件，为公益目的以捐助财产设立的基金会、社会服务机构等，经依法登记成立，取得捐助法人资格。 依法设立的宗教活动场所，具备法人条件的，可以申请法人登记，取得捐助法人资格。法律、行政法规对宗教活动场所有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 92 The foundations and social service agencies etc. registered by law for the purpose of public welfare and donation of properties shall obtain the legal personality of donors. Venues for religious activities established by law which satisfy the conditions as legal persons may apply for registration of legal persons and obtain the legal personality of donors. If the provisions of the laws and administrative regulations have other provisions on the venues of religious activities, such provisions shall be abided by. |
第九十三条 设立捐助法人应当依法制定法人章程。 捐助法人应当设理事会、民主管理组织等决策机构，并设执行机构。理事长等负责人按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人。 捐助法人应当设监事会等监督机构。 | | Article 93 The established legal persons of donors shall lawfully develop the Articles of Association of the legal persons。 The legal persons of donors shall establish the board of administrators, democratic management organisations and other decision making bodies, and shall set up executive bodies. The head of the board of the administrators shall be appointed of legal representatives according to the Articles of Association of the legal persons. The legal persons of donors shall establish the board of supervisors and other supervising bodies. |
第九十四条 捐助人有权向捐助法人查询捐助财产的使用、管理情况，并提出意见和建议，捐助法人应当及时、如实答复。 捐助法人的决策机构、执行机构或者法定代表人作出决定的程序违反法律、行政法规、法人章程，或者决定内容违反法人章程的，捐助人等利害关系人或者主管机关可以请求人民法院撤销该决定，但是捐助法人依据该决定与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。 | | Article 94 Donors have the rights to inquire into the legal persons of donors for the use and management of donated property and to give advice and suggestions; the legal persons of donors shall respond promptly and truthfully. If the decision-making procedures of resolutions made by the decision-making bodies of the legal persons of donors, the executive bodies or the legal representatives violate laws, administrative regulations and the Articles of Association of the legal persons, or the content of the decision has violated the Articles of Association of the legal persons, the donors, the interested persons or the authorities may request the People's Court to revoke those resolutions; however, the civil relationships formed between the legal persons of donors and counterparties in good faith shall not be affected. |
第九十五条 为公益目的成立的非营利法人终止时，不得向出资人、设立人或者会员分配剩余财产。剩余财产应当按照法人章程的规定或者权力机构的决议用于公益目的；无法按照法人章程的规定或者权力机构的决议处理的，由主管机关主持转给宗旨相同或者相近的法人，并向社会公告。 | | Article 95 The non-profit legal persons established for the purpose of public interests shall not distribute the remaining properties to the investors, founders or members at the time of termination. The remaining properties shall be used for public interests according to the provisions of the Articles of Association of the legal persons or the resolutions of the authorities; if it is impossible to dispose of such properties according to the Articles of Association of the legal persons or the resolutions of the authorities, the competent authorities shall guide the transfer of such properties to legal persons of same or similar purposes which shall be disclosed to the society. |
第四节 特别法人 | | Section 4 Special Legal Persons |
第九十六条 本节规定的机关法人、农村集体经济组织法人、城镇农村的合作经济组织法人、基层群众性自治组织法人，为特别法人。 | | Article 96 The governmental legal persons, the legal persons of rural collective economic organisations, and the legal persons of basic-level People's self-governing organisations are the special legal persons. |
第九十七条 有独立经费的机关和承担行政职能的法定机构从成立之日起，具有机关法人资格，可以从事为履行职能所需要的民事活动。 | | Article 97 The governmental bodies with independent funds and the statutory bodies that bear administrative functions shall have the legal personality of governmental bodies from the date of their establishment, and may engage in the civil activities required for the performance of their functions. |
第九十八条 机关法人被撤销的，法人终止，其民事权利和义务由继任的机关法人享有和承担；没有继任的机关法人的，由作出撤销决定的机关法人享有和承担。 | | Article 98 Where the legal persons of governmental bodies are revoked, the legal persons shall terminate, and the civil rights and obligations thereof shall be enjoyed and borne by the successors of governmental bodies. If there is no successor legal person, the legal persons of the governmental bodies that have made the revocation decision shall enjoy and bear such rights and obligations. |
第九十九条 农村集体经济组织依法取得法人资格。 法律、行政法规对农村集体经济组织有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 99 The rural collective economic organisations shall obtain the legal personality according to law. If laws and administrative regulations have provisions on the rural collective economic organisations, such provisions shall be abided by. |
第一百条 城镇农村的合作经济组织依法取得法人资格。 法律、行政法规对城镇农村的合作经济组织有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 100 City and rural cooperative economic organisations shall obtain legal personalities in accordance with the law. If laws and administrative regulations have provisions on the city and rural cooperative economic organisations, such provisions shall be abided by. |
第一百零一条 居民委员会、村民委员会具有基层群众性自治组织法人资格，可以从事为履行职能所需要的民事活动。 未设立村集体经济组织的，村民委员会可以依法代行村集体经济组织的职能。 | | Article 101 The residents' committee and the villagers' committee which have the legal personalities as the basic-level People's self-governing organisations may engage in civil activities needed for performing their duties. If rural collective economic organisations are not established, the villagers' committee may perform the duties of the village collective economic organisation according to law. |
第四章 非法人组织 | | Chapter IV Non-incorporated organisations |
第一百零二条 非法人组织是不具有法人资格，但是能够依法以自己的名义从事民事活动的组织。 非法人组织包括个人独资企业、合伙企业、不具有法人资格的专业服务机构等。 | | Article 102 The non-incorporated organisations are organisations that have no legal personality but may lawfully engage in civil activities under their own names according to law. The non-incorporated organisations include individual-owned enterprises, partnerships, and professional services without legal personality. |
第一百零三条 非法人组织应当依照法律的规定登记。 设立非法人组织，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。 | | Article 103 The non-incorporated organisations shall register according to law. For the establishment of non-incorporated organisations, if laws and administrative regulations provide that approval from relevant authorities is needed, such provisions shall be followed. |
第一百零四条 非法人组织的财产不足以清偿债务的，其出资人或者设立人承担无限责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 104 If the property of the non-incorporated organisations is insufficient to pay off the debts, the investors or the founders shall bear unlimited liability, unless otherwise provided by the law. |
第一百零五条 非法人组织可以确定一人或者数人代表该组织从事民事活动。 | | Article 105 Non-incorporated organisations may determine one or more people to represent the organisation for civil activities. |
第一百零六条 有下列情形之一的，非法人组织解散： （一）章程规定的存续期间届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现； （二）出资人或者设立人决定解散； （三）法律规定的其他情形。 | | Article 106 Under one of the following cases, non-incorporated organisations are dissolved: (1) The existence period provided by the Articles of Association has expired, or other dissolution causes have occurred; (2) The investors or the founders have decided to dissolve; (3) Other circumstances prescribed by law. |
第一百零七条 非法人组织解散的，应当依法进行清算。 | | Article 107 The dissolved non-incorporated organisations shall conduct liquidation according to law. |
第一百零八条 非法人组织除适用本章规定外，参照适用本法第三章第一节的有关规定。 | | Article 108 The non-incorporated organisations shall apply the provisions of Section 1 of Chapter 3 of this law in additions to this Chapter. |
第五章 民事权利 | | Chapter V Civil Rights |
第一百零九条 自然人的人身自由、人格尊严受法律保护。 | | Article 109 Natural persons' personal freedom and personal dignity shall be protected by law. |
第一百一十条 自然人享有生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权、婚姻自主权等权利。 法人、非法人组织享有名称权、名誉权、荣誉权等权利。 | | Article 110 Natural persons enjoy the right to life, physical rights, health rights, name rights, portrait rights, reputation, right of honour, privacy, marriage autonomy and other rights. Legal persons and non-incorporated organisations enjoy the rights to name, reputation, honour and other rights. |
第一百一十一条 自然人的个人信息受法律保护。任何组织和个人需要获取他人个人信息的，应当依法取得并确保信息安全，不得非法收集、使用、加工、传输他人个人信息，不得非法买卖、提供或者公开他人个人信息。 | | Article 111 Natural persons' personal information shall be protected by law. Any organisations and individuals who need to obtain personal information of others shall obtain the information according to law and shall ensure the information safety. It is not allowed to illegally collect, use, process or transfer the personal information of others. It is illegal to buy and sell, supply or publish the personal information of others. |
第一百一十二条 自然人因婚姻、家庭关系等产生的人身权利受法律保护。 | | Article 112 The personal rights of natural persons arising from marriage or family relations shall be protected by law. |
第一百一十三条 民事主体的财产权利受法律平等保护。 | | Article 113 The property rights of the civil subjects are equally protected by law. |
第一百一十四条 民事主体依法享有物权。 物权是权利人依法对特定的物享有直接支配和排他的权利，包括所有权、用益物权和担保物权。 | | Article 114 The civil subjects shall enjoy property rights according to law. Property rights are the exclusive rights to directly dominate a specific object, including ownership, right to use and security interests. |
第一百一十五条 物包括不动产和动产。法律规定权利作为物权客体的，依照其规定。 | | Article 115 Property includes real property and chattels. Where the law provides that the rights are the object of the property rights, such provisions shall be abided by. |
第一百一十六条 物权的种类和内容，由法律规定。 | | Article 116 The type and content of the property rights shall be provided by law. |
第一百一十七条 为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序征收、征用不动产或者动产的，应当给予公平、合理的补偿。 | | Article 117 For the needs of the public interests, in accordance with the provisions of the law and procedures for expropriation and requisition of real estate or movable property, fair and reasonable compensation shall be given. |
第一百一十八条 民事主体依法享有债权。 债权是因合同、侵权行为、无因管理、不当得利以及法律的其他规定，权利人请求特定义务人为或者不为一定行为的权利。 | | Article 118 The civil subjects enjoy the creditor's rights according to law. Creditor's rights are the right of the obligee to request a particular obligor to conduct or not to conduct a certain act because of a contract, tort, negotiorum gestio, unjust enrichment, and other provisions of the law. |
第一百一十九条 依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。 | | Article 119 A contract established in accordance with the law is legally binding on the parties. |
第一百二十条 民事权益受到侵害的，被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。 | | Article 120 Where the civil rights and interests are infringed, the person whose rights are infringed has the right to request the infringer to bear tort liability. |
第一百二十一条 没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失而进行管理的人，有权请求受益人偿还由此支出的必要费用。 | | Article 121 When there are no statutory or agreed obligations, for any management in order to avoid the damage to interests of others, the person who conduct such management shall have the right to request the beneficiary to repay the necessary expenses. |
第一百二十二条 因他人没有法律根据，取得不当利益，受损失的人有权请求其返还不当利益。 | | Article 122 For any unjust enrichment without legal basis, the persons who suffer loss have the right to request the return of improper benefits. |
第一百二十三条 民事主体依法享有知识产权。 知识产权是权利人依法就下列客体享有的专有的权利： （一）作品； （二）发明、实用新型、外观设计； （三）商标； （四）地理标志； （五）商业秘密； （六）集成电路布图设计； （七）植物新品种； （八）法律规定的其他客体。 | | Article 123 Civil subjects enjoy intellectual property rights according to law. Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights of the persons on the following objects according to law: (1) Works; (2) Invention, utility model and design; (3) Trademark; (4) Geographical indications; (5) Trade secrets; (6) Integrated circuit layout design; (7) New plant varieties; (8) Other objects prescribed by law. |
第一百二十四条 自然人依法享有继承权。 自然人合法的私有财产，可以依法继承。 | | Article 124 Natural persons enjoy the inheritance rights. The lawful personal properties of natural persons may be lawfully inherited. |
第一百二十五条 民事主体依法享有股权和其他投资性权利。 | | Article 125 The civil subjects enjoy the equity and other investment rights according to law. |
第一百二十六条 民事主体享有法律规定的其他民事权利和利益。 | | Article 126 The civil subjects enjoy other civil rights and interests as prescribed by law. |
第一百二十七条 法律对数据、网络虚拟财产的保护有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 127 The provisions on the protection of data or network virtual properties shall be abided by. |
第一百二十八条 法律对未成年人、老年人、残疾人、妇女、消费者等的民事权利保护有特别规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 128 The special provisions on the protection of civil rights of minors, the elderly, the disabled, women, and consumers shall be abided by. |
第一百二十九条 民事权利可以依据民事法律行为、事实行为、法律规定的事件或者法律规定的其他方式取得。 | | Article 129 Civil rights may be acquired on the basis of civil legal acts, de facto acts, acts prescribed by law or other means provided by law. |
第一百三十条 民事主体按照自己的意愿依法行使民事权利，不受干涉。 | | Article 130 The civil subjects shall exercise civil rights according to their own will and others shall not interfere therewith. |
第一百三十一条 民事主体行使权利时，应当履行法律规定的和当事人约定的义务。 | | Article 131 When the civil subjects exercise their rights, they shall fulfil the obligations stipulated by law and agreed by the parties. |
第一百三十二条 民事主体不得滥用民事权利损害国家利益、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益。 | | Article 132 The civil subjects shall not abuse the civil rights and damage the national interests, the social public interests or the legitimate rights and interests of others. |
第六章 民事法律行为 | | Chapter VI Civil Juristic Acts |
第一节 一般规定 | | Section 1 General Stipulations |
第一百三十三条 民事法律行为是民事主体通过意思表示设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的行为。 | | Article 133 Civil juristic acts are the acts of a civil subject through the establishment, alteration and termination of civil legal relations through expression of intention. |
第一百三十四条 民事法律行为可以基于双方或者多方的意思表示一致成立，也可以基于单方的意思表示成立。 法人、非法人组织依照法律或者章程规定的议事方式和表决程序作出决议的，该决议行为成立。 | | Article 134 Civil juristic acts can be based on the expression of intention of both parties or all parties, or based on unilateral expression of intention. The resolutions made by legal persons or non-incorporated organisations in accordance with the law, the provisions of the proceedings and voting procedures shall be valid. |
第一百三十五条 民事法律行为可以采用书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式；法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用特定形式的，应当采用特定形式。 | | Article 135 Civil juristic acts may be in written form, oral form or other forms; special forms may be adopted if provided by laws and administrative regulations or agreed by the. |
第一百三十六条 民事法律行为自成立时生效，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 行为人非依法律规定或者未经对方同意，不得擅自变更或者解除民事法律行为。 | | Article 136 Civil juristic acts take effect at the time of its establishment, except as otherwise provided by law or otherwise agreed by the parties. The persons of civil conduct shall not alter or dispense the civil juristic acts without the provision of the law or without the consent of the other party. |
第二节 意思表示 | | Section 2 Expression of Intention |
第一百三十七条 以对话方式作出的意思表示，相对人知道其内容时生效。 以非对话方式作出的意思表示，到达相对人时生效。以非对话方式作出的采用数据电文形式的意思表示，相对人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统时生效；未指定特定系统的，相对人知道或者应当知道该数据电文进入其系统时生效。当事人对采用数据电文形式的意思表示的生效时间另有约定的，按照其约定。 | | Article 137 The expression of intention, which is made by dialogue, takes effect when the person knows the content. The expression of intention, which is made by non-dialogue, takes effect when it reaches the relative person. The expression of intention in the form of a data message in the form of non-dialogue, which specifies that a particular system to receive the data message, shall take effect when it enters the particular system; if the specific system is not specified, it shall take effect when the relative person knows or should know that the data message enters into its system. The parties shall follow the agreement that have been agreed otherwise on the time of effect of the expression of intention in the form of a data message. |
第一百三十八条 无相对人的意思表示，表示完成时生效。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 138 The expression of intention without counterparties shall enter into force at the time of completion of the expression, unless otherwise provided by law. |
第一百三十九条 以公告方式作出的意思表示，公告发布时生效。 | | Article 139 The expression of intention made in the form of an announcement shall enter into force at the time of issue of the announcement. |
第一百四十条 行为人可以明示或者默示作出意思表示。 沉默只有在有法律规定、当事人约定或者符合当事人之间的交易习惯时，才可以视为意思表示。 | | Article 140 The persons of civil conduct may make an expression of intention by express or implied ways. Silence can only be regarded as expression of intention, when it is provided by law or agreed by the parties, or it has met the trading habits between the parties. |
第一百四十一条 行为人可以撤回意思表示。撤回意思表示的通知应当在意思表示到达相对人前或者与意思表示同时到达相对人。 | | Article 141 The persons of civil conduct may withdraw the expression of intention. The notice of withdrawal of the expression of intention shall arrive at the relative persons before the expression of intention arrives at the relative person or with the expression of intention. |
第一百四十二条 有相对人的意思表示的解释，应当按照所使用的词句，结合相关条款、行为的性质和目的、习惯以及诚信原则，确定意思表示的含义。 无相对人的意思表示的解释，不能完全拘泥于所使用的词句，而应当结合相关条款、行为的性质和目的、习惯以及诚信原则，确定行为人的真实意思。 | | Article 142 The interpretation and the definition of the expression of intention without counterparties shall be determined on the use of the words, in combination with the relevant terms, the nature and purpose of the conduct, the habits and the principle of good faith. The interpretation of the expression of intention without counterparties shall not be restricted by the used words and sentences; the relevant clauses, the nature and purpose of the conduct, the habits and the principle of good faith shall be considered in combination to determine the genuine meaning of the persons of the civil conduct. |
第三节 民事法律行为的效力 | | Section 3 Validity of Civil Juristic Acts |
第一百四十三条 具备下列条件的民事法律行为有效： （一）行为人具有相应的民事行为能力； （二）意思表示真实； （三）不违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定，不违背公序良俗。 | | Article 143 The civil juristic acts with the following conditions are valid: (1) The persons of the civil conduct have a corresponding capacity for civil conduct; (2) The expression of intention is true; (3) Not violating the mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations, and not violating the public order and social customs. |
第一百四十四条 无民事行为能力人实施的民事法律行为无效。 | | Article 144 The civil juristic acts by persons of no capacity for civil conduct are invalid. |
第一百四十五条 限制民事行为能力人实施的纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为有效；实施的其他民事法律行为经法定代理人同意或者追认后有效。 相对人可以催告法定代理人自收到通知之日起一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。民事法律行为被追认前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 | | Article 145 The civil juristic acts with the nature of pure profit by the persons of limited capacity for civil conduct, or the Civil Juristic Acts that are compatible with the age, intelligence and mental health of such persons, shall be valid; other Civil Juristic Acts shall be valid upon the consent or confirmation of the legal agent. The counterparties may urge the legal agent to confirm the conducts within 1 month from the date of receipt of the notice. If the legal agent does not make any expression, it shall be deemed as rejection of confirmation. Before the civil juristic acts have been confirmed, the counterparties of good faith have the right for revocation. The revocation shall be made by notice. |
第一百四十六条 行为人与相对人以虚假的意思表示实施的民事法律行为无效。 以虚假的意思表示隐藏的民事法律行为的效力，依照有关法律规定处理。 | | Article 146 The civil juristic acts by persons of civil conduct and counterparties under fake expression of intention are invalid. The validity of civil juristic acts concealed by fake expression of intention shall be dealt with according to relevant legal provisions. |
第一百四十七条 基于重大误解实施的民事法律行为，行为人有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 | | Article 147 The persons of civil conduct have the right to request the People's Court or arbitration organisations to revoke the civil juristic acts based on major misunderstandings. |
第一百四十八条 一方以欺诈手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 | | Article 148 The parties infringed by fraud have the rights to request the People's Court or arbitration organisations to revoke the Civil Juristic Acts that have been perpetrated by means of fraud and against the true meanings of the counterparties. |
第一百四十九条 第三人实施欺诈行为，使一方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，对方知道或者应当知道该欺诈行为的，受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 | | Article 149 The persons infringed by fraud which has been implemented by third parties and has caused the civil juristic acts of the counterparties, in which the counterparties know or should have known such fraud, have the right to request a people's court or arbitration organisations to revoke the civil juristic acts. |
第一百五十条 一方或者第三人以胁迫手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，受胁迫方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 | | Article 150 If a party or third parties who, by means of coercion, have caused the other party to carry out the civil juristic acts in violation of their true meaning, the persons under coercion have the rights to request a people's court or the arbitration organisations to revoke them. |
第一百五十一条 一方利用对方处于危困状态、缺乏判断能力等情形，致使民事法律行为成立时显失公平的，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 | | Article 151 The injured party has the right to request a people's court or the arbitration organisations to revoke the conducts, if one party uses the state of danger or lack of judgment of the other party resulting in the unfairness in the establishment of the civil juristic acts. |
第一百五十二条 有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭： （一）当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内、重大误解的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起三个月内没有行使撤销权； （二）当事人受胁迫，自胁迫行为终止之日起一年内没有行使撤销权； （三）当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为表明放弃撤销权。 当事人自民事法律行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，撤销权消灭。 | | Article 152 Under any of the following circumstances, the right of revocation is eliminated: (1) The party concerned has not exercised the right of revocation within 1 year from the date of knowing or ought to have known the grounds for revocation; the party concerned in the major misunderstanding has not exercised the right of revocation within 3 months from the date of knowing or ought to have known the grounds for revocation; (2) The parties have not exercised the right of revocation within 1 year from the date of termination of the coercion; (3) The parties expressly waive the right of revocation after they know the grounds thereof. If the parties have not exercised the right of revocation within 5 years from the date of the civil juristic acts, the right of revocation shall be eliminated. |
第一百五十三条 违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的民事法律行为无效，但是该强制性规定不导致该民事法律行为无效的除外。 违背公序良俗的民事法律行为无效。 | | Article 153 The civil juristic acts that violate the mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations are invalid, except that the mandatory provisions do not result in the invalidity of the civil juristic acts. The civil juristic acts that violate public order and social customs are invalid. |
第一百五十四条 行为人与相对人恶意串通，损害他人合法权益的民事法律行为无效。 | | Article 154 The civil juristic acts conducted by malicious collusion between the persons of civil conduct and the counterparties which damage the legitimate rights and interests of others are invalid. |
第一百五十五条 无效的或者被撤销的民事法律行为自始没有法律约束力。 | | Article 155 The invalid or revoked civil juristic acts are not legally binding from the beginning. |
第一百五十六条 民事法律行为部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。 | | Article 156 If part of civil juristic acts is invalid, and the effect of other part is unaffected, the other part shall still be valid. |
第一百五十七条 民事法律行为无效、被撤销或者确定不发生效力后，行为人因该行为取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方由此所受到的损失；各方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 | | Article 157 If the civil juristic acts are invalid, revoked or are confirmed to have no effect, the properties obtained due to such conducts by the persons of civil conduct shall be returned; if it cannot be returned or is not necessary to be returned, it shall be compensated. The faulty party shall compensate the other party for the loss suffered; if both the parties have fault, they shall bear the corresponding responsibility respectively. If the law otherwise provides, the provisions shall be abided by. |
第四节 民事法律行为的附条件和附期限 | | Section 4 Conditions and Duration of Civil Juristic Acts |
第一百五十八条 民事法律行为可以附条件，但是按照其性质不得附条件的除外。附生效条件的民事法律行为，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的民事法律行为，自条件成就时失效。 | | Article 158 The civil juristic acts may be conditional, unless their nature does not allow conditions. The civil juristic acts with conditions take effect when the conditions are met. The civil juristic acts with termination conditions shall terminate when the conditions are met. |
第一百五十九条 附条件的民事法律行为，当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。 | | Article 159 Where the parties improperly prevent the conditions to be met, it is deemed that the conditions have been met; where the parties improperly contribute to the satisfaction of conditions, it is deemed that the conditions have not been met. |
第一百六十条 民事法律行为可以附期限，但是按照其性质不得附期限的除外。附生效期限的民事法律行为，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的民事法律行为，自期限届满时失效。 | | Article 160 The civil juristic acts may be subject to a period of time, unless their nature does not allow limit of time. The civil juristic acts with duration to take effect shall take effect from that time. The civil juristic acts with duration of termination shall terminate at the end of such duration. |
第七章 代 理 | | Chapter VII Agency |
第一节 一般规定 | | Section 1 General Stipulations |
第一百六十一条 民事主体可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。 依照法律规定、当事人约定或者民事法律行为的性质，应当由本人亲自实施的民事法律行为，不得代理。 | | Article 161 The civil subjects perform the civil juristic acts through agents. The civil juristic acts that shall be performed in person according to law, agreement of parties or the nature of the civil juristic acts shall be carried out in person and shall not be carried out through agency. |
第一百六十二条 代理人在代理权限内，以被代理人名义实施的民事法律行为，对被代理人发生效力。 | | Article 162 The civil juristic acts carried out by the agent in the name of the principal and within the authority shall be valid on the principal. |
第一百六十三条 代理包括委托代理和法定代理。 委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理权。法定代理人依照法律的规定行使代理权。 | | Article 163 Agents include the Entrusted Agency and the Statutory Agency. The entrusted agent shall exercise the agency right in accordance with the entrustment of the principal. The legal agent shall exercise the agency right in accordance with the law. |
第一百六十四条 代理人不履行或者不完全履行职责，造成被代理人损害的，应当承担民事责任。 代理人和相对人恶意串通，损害被代理人合法权益的，代理人和相对人应当承担连带责任。 | | Article 164 If the agent fails to perform or fails to fully perform his duties and causes damage to the principal, he shall bear civil liability. If the agents and counterparties conduct malicious collusion, which caused damage to the legitimate rights and interests of the principle, the agents and counterparties shall bear joint and several liability. |
第二节 委托代理 | | Section 2 Entrusted Agency |
第一百六十五条 委托代理授权采用书面形式的，授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或者名称、代理事项、权限和期间，并由被代理人签名或者盖章。 | | Article 165 When written form is used in authorisation for Entrusted Agency, the letter of authorisation shall cover the agent's name, authorised matters, authority and period, which shall be signed or affixed a seal by the agent. |
第一百六十六条 数人为同一代理事项的代理人的，应当共同行使代理权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 | | Article 166 Where a number of agents are authorised for the same matter, they shall jointly exercise the power of agency, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. |
第一百六十七条 代理人知道或者应当知道代理事项违法仍然实施代理行为，或者被代理人知道或者应当知道代理人的代理行为违法未作反对表示的，被代理人和代理人应当承担连带责任。 | | Article 167 If the agent has not objected against the agency, when he knows or ought to know that the authorised matter is illegal, or if the agent knows or should know that the agent's act is unlawful, the principal and the agent shall bear joint and several liability. |
第一百六十八条 代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己实施民事法律行为，但是被代理人同意或者追认的除外。 代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己同时代理的其他人实施民事法律行为，但是被代理的双方同意或者追认的除外。 | | Article 168 The agent shall not carry out the civil juristic acts with himself in the name of the principal, unless the principal have consented or confirmed such conducts. The agent shall not carry out the civil juristic acts between the principal and other principals he represents in the name of the principal, unless the all the principals have consented or confirmed such conducts. |
第一百六十九条 代理人需要转委托第三人代理的，应当取得被代理人的同意或者追认。 转委托代理经被代理人同意或者追认的，被代理人可以就代理事务直接指示转委托的第三人，代理人仅就第三人的选任以及对第三人的指示承担责任。 转委托代理未经被代理人同意或者追认的，代理人应当对转委托的第三人的行为承担责任，但是在紧急情况下代理人为了维护被代理人的利益需要转委托第三人代理的除外。 | | Article 169 If the agent needs to entrust third parties as agents, it shall obtain the consent or confirmation of the principal. The agent shall only be liable for the appointment of third parties and the instruction to third parties. If such transfer is not consented or confirmed by the principal, the agent shall be liable for the conducts of the third parties, unless the transfer of agency is made by the agent under emergency for the purpose of safeguarding the interests of the principal. |
第一百七十条 执行法人或者非法人组织工作任务的人员，就其职权范围内的事项，以法人或者非法人组织的名义实施民事法律行为，对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。 法人或者非法人组织对执行其工作任务的人员职权范围的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。 | | Article 170 The civil juristic acts implemented in the name of the legal persons or the non-incorporated organisations by the personnel who complete the tasks of the legal persons or the non-incorporated organisations, shall have the effect on the legal person or the non-incorporated organisations. The limitation on the authority of personnel who complete the tasks for the legal persons or the non-incorporated organisations shall not confront the counterparties in good faith. |
第一百七十一条 行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后，仍然实施代理行为，未经被代理人追认的，对被代理人不发生效力。 相对人可以催告被代理人自收到通知之日起一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。行为人实施的行为被追认前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 行为人实施的行为未被追认的，善意相对人有权请求行为人履行债务或者就其受到的损害请求行为人赔偿，但是赔偿的范围不得超过被代理人追认时相对人所能获得的利益。 相对人知道或者应当知道行为人无权代理的，相对人和行为人按照各自的过错承担责任。 | | Article 171 The agency conducts carried out without authority, beyond authority or after the termination of agency, without being approved by the agent, are invalid. The counterparties can urge the principals to confirm the conducts within 1 month of the date of receipt of the notice. The principals who have not made expressions are deemed as having refused the confirmation. Before the conducts of the persons of civil conduct have been confirmed, the counterparties in good faith have the rights to revoke the conducts. The revocation shall be made by notice. If such conducts are not recognised, the counterparties in good faith have the right to request persons of civil conduct to pay their debts or to make compensations to the extent of their damages, but the scope of the compensation shall not exceed the obtained benefits at the time of confirmation by the principals. If the counterparties know or should have known that persons of civil conduct have no authority of agency, the counterparties and persons of civil conduct shall be liable according to their own fault. be |
第一百七十二条 行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后，仍然实施代理行为，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，代理行为有效。 | | Article 172 If the persons of civil conduct carry out agency without authority, beyond authority or after the termination of agency, and the counterparties have the reasons to believe that the persons of civil conduct have the authority, the conducts shall be valid. |
第三节 代理终止 | | Section 3 Termination of Agency |
第一百七十三条 有下列情形之一的，委托代理终止： （一）代理期间届满或者代理事务完成； （二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托； （三）代理人丧失民事行为能力； （四）代理人或者被代理人死亡； （五）作为代理人或者被代理人的法人、非法人组织终止。 | | Article 173 In one of the following cases, the Entrusted Agency terminates: (1) The duration of agency has expired or the entrusted matters are completed; (2) The principals have cancelled the entrustment or agent resigns from the entrustment; (3) The agent has lost the capacity for civil conduct; (4) The agent or the principal have died; (5) The legal persons or the non-legal-persons as agents or the principals have terminated. |
第一百七十四条 被代理人死亡后，有下列情形之一的，委托代理人实施的代理行为有效： （一）代理人不知道并且不应当知道被代理人死亡； （二）被代理人的继承人予以承认； （三）授权中明确代理权在代理事务完成时终止； （四）被代理人死亡前已经实施，为了被代理人的继承人的利益继续代理。 作为被代理人的法人、非法人组织终止的，参照适用前款规定。 | | Article 174 After the death of the principals, under any of the following circumstances, the entrusted agency conducts shall be valid: (1) The agent does not know and should not have known the death of the principals; (2) The successors of the principals have confirmed the conducts; (3) The authorisation has clearly provided that the authority shall terminate when the entrusted matters have been completed; (4) The agency conducts have started before the death of the principals and are continued for the benefits of the successors of the principals. When the legal persons and non-incorporated organisations as the agents have terminated, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be applied. |
第一百七十五条 有下列情形之一的，法定代理终止： （一）被代理人取得或者恢复完全民事行为能力； （二）代理人丧失民事行为能力； （三）代理人或者被代理人死亡； （四）法律规定的其他情形。 | | Article 175 In any of the following circumstances, the statutory agency shall terminate: (1) The principals have obtained or recovered full capacity for civil conduct; (2) The agents have lost capacity for civil conduct; (3) The agents or the principals have died; (4) Other circumstances prescribed by law. |
第八章 民事责任 | | Chapter VIII Civil Liability |
第一百七十六条 民事主体依照法律规定和当事人约定，履行民事义务，承担民事责任。 | | Article 176 Civil subjects shall perform civil obligations and assume civil liability according to the provisions of the law and the agreement of the parties. |
第一百七十七条 二人以上依法承担按份责任，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。 | | Article 177 When two or more people assume liabilities according to the law by proportions, if it is possible to determine the proportion thereof, they shall bear the corresponding responsibility; if it is impossible to determine it, they shall bear the responsibility equally. |
第一百七十八条 二人以上依法承担连带责任的，权利人有权请求部分或者全部连带责任人承担责任。 连带责任人的责任份额根据各自责任大小确定；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。实际承担责任超过自己责任份额的连带责任人，有权向其他连带责任人追偿。 连带责任，由法律规定或者当事人约定。 | | Article 178 If two or more persons are jointly and severally liable, the right holders shall have the right to request part or all of the liable persons to bear the liability. The share of the responsibility of the joint-and-several liability shall be determined according to the proportion of the respective responsibilities; if it is difficult to determine the proportion of the responsibility, liability shall be borne equally. If the actual responsibility of the joint liable persons have assumed more than their share of responsibility, they have the right to recover from the other persons of the joint and several liability. The joint and several liability shall be provided by law or agreed by the parties. |
第一百七十九条 承担民事责任的方式主要有： （一）停止侵害； （二）排除妨碍； （三）消除危险； （四）返还财产； （五）恢复原状； （六）修理、重作、更换； （七）继续履行； （八）赔偿损失； （九）支付违约金； （十）消除影响、恢复名誉； （十一）赔礼道歉。 法律规定惩罚性赔偿的，依照其规定。 本条规定的承担民事责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。 | | Article 179 The methods of assuming Civil Liability include: (1) Stop the infringement; (2) Exclude the hindrance; (3) Eliminate the danger; (4) Return the property; (5) Restitution; (6) Repair, remake or replace; (7) Continue to perform; (8) Compensate for losses; (9) Pay liquidated damages; (10) Eliminate the impact or restore the reputation; (11) Apologise. The methods to assume Civil Liability provided for in this Article may be applied alone or may be combined. |
第一百八十条 因不可抗力不能履行民事义务的，不承担民事责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 不可抗力是指不能预见、不能避免且不能克服的客观情况。 | | Article 180 No Civil Liability is borne in case of failure to perform civil duties due to force majeure, unless otherwise provided by law. Force majeure means unforeseeable, unavoidable and unconquerable objective situations. |
第一百八十一条 因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担民事责任。 正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，正当防卫人应当承担适当的民事责任。 | | Article 181 Damage due to proper defence has no Civil Liability. If the defences are beyond the necessary limits and have caused undue damage, the defenders shall take appropriate Civil Liability. |
第一百八十二条 因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担民事责任。 危险由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担民事责任，可以给予适当补偿。 紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的民事责任。 | | Article 182 In case of damage caused by avoidance of emergency, Civil Liability shall be borne by the persons who have caused the danger. If the danger has been caused by natural reasons, the persons of emergency avoidance do not assume Civil Liability and may be given appropriate compensation. If the measures for emergency avoidance are improper, or have exceeded the necessary limit, which have caused undue damage, the persons of emergency avoidance shall assume appropriate Civil Liability. |
第一百八十三条 因保护他人民事权益使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担民事责任，受益人可以给予适当补偿。没有侵权人、侵权人逃逸或者无力承担民事责任，受害人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。 | | Article 183 In the event of damage to the civil rights and interests of oneself due to protection of others' rights, the infringer shall bear Civil Liability, and the beneficiary may give appropriate compensation. Where there is no infringer, the infringer escapes or is unable to assume Civil Liability, the beneficiary shall give appropriate compensation if the victim requests compensation. |
第一百八十四条 因自愿实施紧急救助行为造成受助人损害的，救助人不承担民事责任。 | | Article 184 If the rescuer voluntarily carries out emergency relief which has caused damages to the persons in danger, the rescuer shall not bear Civil Liability. |
第一百八十五条 侵害英雄烈士等的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉，损害社会公共利益的，应当承担民事责任。 | | Article 185 If the name, portrait, reputation and honour of heroic martyrs have been infringed and public interests are damaged, Civil Liability shall be assumed. |
第一百八十六条 因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人身权益、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择请求其承担违约责任或者侵权责任。 | | Article 186 If the personal rights and property rights of one party have been infringed due to the breach of contract of the other party, the injured party has the right to choose to claim the liability for breach of contract or tort liability. |
第一百八十七条 民事主体因同一行为应当承担民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任的，承担行政责任或者刑事责任不影响承担民事责任；民事主体的财产不足以支付的，优先用于承担民事责任。 | | Article 187 When the civil subjects bear civil liability, administrative responsibility and criminal liability for the same act, the assumption of administrative liability or criminal liability shall affect the assumption of Civil Liability; if the properties of the civil subjects are insufficient to make the payment, Civil Liability shall be assumed in priority. |
第九章 诉讼时效 | | Chapter IX Limitation of Action |
第一百八十八条 向人民法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为三年。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 诉讼时效期间自权利人知道或者应当知道权利受到损害以及义务人之日起计算。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。但是自权利受到损害之日起超过二十年的，人民法院不予保护；有特殊情况的，人民法院可以根据权利人的申请决定延长。 | | Article 188 The limitation of action of an application to a people's court for protection of civil rights are three years, unless otherwise provided by law. Limitations are calculated from the date on which the right holder knows or ought to be aware of the damage to the rights and the obligor, unless otherwise provided by law. If it has been more than 20 years since the date of the damage, the People's Court shall not give protection; in exceptional circumstances, the People's Court may extend the limitations in accordance with the application of the right holders. |
第一百八十九条 当事人约定同一债务分期履行的，诉讼时效期间自最后一期履行期限届满之日起计算。 | | Article 189 Where the parties agree on the instalment of paying debt, the Limitations shall be calculated from the date of expiry of the last instalment. |
第一百九十条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人对其法定代理人的请求权的诉讼时效期间，自该法定代理终止之日起计算。 | | Article 190 The limitation of claim by a person of no capacity for civil conduct or of limited capacity for civil conduct against his/her legal agent shall be calculated from the date of termination of such statutory agency. |
第一百九十一条 未成年人遭受性侵害的损害赔偿请求权的诉讼时效期间，自受害人年满十八周岁之日起计算。 | | Article 191 The limitation of claim for damages for sexual assault by a minor are calculated from the date on which the victim reaches 18 years old. |
第一百九十二条 诉讼时效期间届满的，义务人可以提出不履行义务的抗辩。 诉讼时效期间届满后，义务人同意履行的，不得以诉讼时效期间届满为由抗辩；义务人已自愿履行的，不得请求返还。 | | Article 192 When a limitation of action has expired, the obligor may file a defence of non-performance. After the expiry of the limitation, if the obligor agrees to perform duties, he shall not raise defence due to the expiry of limitation; if the obligor voluntarily performs the duties, he shall not require return of the payment. |
第一百九十三条 人民法院不得主动适用诉讼时效的规定。 | | Article 193 A people's court shall not voluntarily apply the provisions of Limitations. |
第一百九十四条 在诉讼时效期间的最后六个月内，因下列障碍，不能行使请求权的，诉讼时效中止： （一）不可抗力； （二）无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人没有法定代理人，或者法定代理人死亡、丧失民事行为能力、丧失代理权； （三）继承开始后未确定继承人或者遗产管理人； （四）权利人被义务人或者其他人控制； （五）其他导致权利人不能行使请求权的障碍。 自中止时效的原因消除之日起满六个月，诉讼时效期间届满。 | | Article 194 During the last six months of a limitation, if the claim cannot be exercised due to the following obstacles, the limitation shall be suspended: (1) Force majeure; (2) Persons of no capacity for civil conduct or persons of limited capacity for civil conduct have no legal agent, or the legal agent has died, lost capacity for civil conduct or lost the authority for agency; (3) After the succession begins, the successors or the estate administrators have not been determined; (4) The right holder is controlled by the obligor or others; (5) Other obstacles which have caused the right holder to fail in making claims. The Limitations shall expire since the elimination of the causes of the suspension of Limitations. |
第一百九十五条 有下列情形之一的，诉讼时效中断，从中断、有关程序终结时起，诉讼时效期间重新计算： （一）权利人向义务人提出履行请求； （二）义务人同意履行义务； （三）权利人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁； （四）与提起诉讼或者申请仲裁具有同等效力的其他情形。 | | Article 195 If, in one of the following cases, a limitation of action is interrupted; the limitation of action shall be recalculated since the interruption and the termination of relevant procedures: (1) The right holder requests performance to the obligor; (2) The obligor agrees to fulfil its obligations; (3) The right holder issues proceedings or applies for arbitration; (4) Other circumstances equal to issue of litigation or application for arbitration. |
第一百九十六条 下列请求权不适用诉讼时效的规定： （一）请求停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险； （二）不动产物权和登记的动产物权的权利人请求返还财产； （三）请求支付抚养费、赡养费或者扶养费； （四）依法不适用诉讼时效的其他请求权。 | | Article 196 The provisions for limitations do not apply to the following claims: (1) Request to stop the infringement, remove the obstacles, or eliminate the danger; (2) The right holder requests returning of property for real estate and registered chattels; (3) Request payment of alimony, support money or maintenance; (4) Other claims for which Limitations are not applicable. |
第一百九十七条 诉讼时效的期间、计算方法以及中止、中断的事由由法律规定，当事人约定无效。 当事人对诉讼时效利益的预先放弃无效。 | | Article 197 The period, calculation method, and causes for suspension or interruption of Limitations shall be provided by law; the agreement of the parties is invalid. The prior waiver of the benefits of Limitations by concerned parties is invalid. |
第一百九十八条 法律对仲裁时效有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，适用诉讼时效的规定。 | | Article 198 Where the law provides for the limitations of arbitration, such provisions shall be abided by; |
第一百九十九条 法律规定或者当事人约定的撤销权、解除权等权利的存续期间，除法律另有规定外，自权利人知道或者应当知道权利产生之日起计算，不适用有关诉讼时效中止、中断和延长的规定。存续期间届满，撤销权、解除权等权利消灭。 | | Article 199 The duration of rights such as revocation rights or dissolution rights provided by law or agreed by the parties shall be calculated from the date on which the right holder knows or ought to know the right, unless otherwise provided by law; the provisions of suspension, interruption and extension of Limitations shall not be applied. At the expiry of the duration, the revocation and dissolution rights shall be eliminated. |
第十章 期间计算 | | Chapter X Calculation of Duration |
第二百条 民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。 | | Article 200 The period referred to by the Civil Law is calculated according to the calendar year, month, day and hour. |
第二百零一条 按照年、月、日计算期间的，开始的当日不计入，自下一日开始计算。 按照小时计算期间的，自法律规定或者当事人约定的时间开始计算。 | | Article 201 When the period is calculated according to the year, month and day, the beginning date is not included in the calculation; the period shall be calculated from the next day. When the period is calculated according to the hour, the calculation shall be made from the time provided by the law or agreed by the parties. |
第二百零二条 按照年、月计算期间的，到期月的对应日为期间的最后一日；没有对应日的，月末日为期间的最后一日。 | | Article 202 When the period is calculated according to the year and month, the corresponding date of the expiry month is the last day of the limitations; if there is no corresponding date, the last day of the month shall be the last day. |
第二百零三条 期间的最后一日是法定休假日的，以法定休假日结束的次日为期间的最后一日。 期间的最后一日的截止时间为二十四时；有业务时间的，停止业务活动的时间为截止时间。 | | Article 203 If the last day of limitations falls on an official holiday, the day after the holiday shall be taken as the last day. The last day shall end at 24:00 hours. If business hours are applicable, the last day shall end at closing time. |
第二百零四条 期间的计算方法依照本法的规定，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 | | Article 204 The calculation of limitations shall follow the provisions of this Law, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. |
第十一章 附 则 | | Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions |
第二百零五条 民法所称的“以上”“以下”“以内”“届满”，包括本数；所称的“不满”“超过”“以外”，不包括本数。 | | Article 205 In the Civil Law, the terms "not less than", "not more than", "within" and "expire" shall include the given figure; the terms "under", "exceed" and "beyond" shall not include the given figure. |
第二百零六条 本法自2017年10月1日起施行。 | | Article 206 This Law shall come into force on October 1, 2017. |
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